Marketplace discipline

How to Buy Ancient Antiques Responsibly

A buyer checklist for identity, provenance, export, import, seller records, restoration, testing, theft checks, and return rights.

Treat the listing as a bundle of claims to test, not as evidence that has already been verified.

Before making an offer

  1. Save the complete listing and all photographs.
  2. Ask for the seller’s legal name and business location.
  3. Request the full ownership chain with dates and documents.
  4. Ask when and from where the object was exported.
  5. Ask when and how it entered the destination country.
  6. Request restoration and scientific-testing records.
  7. Check ICOM risk categories and INTERPOL ID-Art.
  8. Get authenticity, title, legality, and return representations in writing.
Walk away when: the seller invents urgency, refuses documents, offers to misdescribe customs, claims “legal because it is cheap,” relies only on a generic certificate, or cannot explain how the object left its source country.

Search clearly labeled replicas and reference books

For high-risk cultural material, use the marketplace for clearly labeled replicas, casts, museum-shop objects, and reference books rather than undocumented archaeological pieces.

Search clearly labeled replicas and reference books